Explain the features and working principle of solid state ruby laser with energy level diagram.

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Explain the features and working principle of solid state ruby laser with energy level diagram.

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A point P is 50 mm away from both the reference planes. Draw its all possible projections.

State the quadrants in which the following points lie. (i) P, its Top view is 40 above x-y; its FV 20 below the top view (ii) Q, both of its views coincide at a point 40 below x-y.

If the fractional difference between the core and cladding refractive indices of the optical fiber is 0.0135 and numerical aperture NA is 0.2425, calculate the refractive indices of core and cladding materials.

Calculate the probability of an electron occupying an energy level 0.02 eV above the Fermi level at 200 K and 400 K in a material.

A step index fiber has core refractive index 1.466, cladding refractive index 1.46. If the operating wavelength of the rays is 0.85 μm, calculate the cutoff parameter or normalized frequency and the number of modes which the fiber will support. The diameter of core is 50 μm.